Chemicals, Vegetable Ghee and Cooking Oils

The vegetable ghee and cooking oil industry has registered a record increase to makeup for the shortage of ghee produced from milk. This shortage occurred because of the rising standard of living and the increasing population. From a production of 4000 tonnes in 1949-50, it rose to 695000 tonnes in 1999-2000.
The main raw material of the vegetable ghee and cooking oil industry is edible oil, which is not available in sufficient quantities locally. As a result, about 75 percent of the oil consumed by the ghee industry is imported. The market for ghee is widely distributed throughout the country, particularly in the urban areas. The ghee industry is also scattered throughout the country, with centers at Karachi, Nawabshah, Rahimyar khan, Bahawalpur, Haripur, Dargai.
Basic chemicals, like sulphuric acid, soda ash and caustic soda, are required by many different industries. The basic raw materials for these chemicals, like salt, limestone, gypsum and natural gas, can be found in Pakistan in large quantities. Coal and oil are found in moderate quantities. At partition, Pakistan had a fairly weak chemical industry, but a great deal of progress has been made since then.
Sulphuric acid is used in the production of soap, paper, textiles, fertilizers, iron and steel, petrochemicals. A number of sulphur processing plants have been established in places such as Karachi, Daud khel, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, There has, therefore, been a steady rise in production. Caustic soda is also an important basic chemical, especially to the textile, oil-refining and soap industries. Processing plants have been established at Nowshera and Kala Shah Kaku near Lahore.
There are two soda ash processing plants in Pakistan located at Karachi and Khewra. Despite a steady rise in production, the demand for this basic chemical outstrips its supply, so much of has to be imported.

Woolen Textile

With only one small woolen mill and a number of cottage industries, Pakistan produced a small quantity of blankets, carpets, shawls and tweeds at partition. Initially Pakistan had to import Rs 30 million worth of worsted and woolen goods annually.
Today, more than 70 medium sized and small sized units operate throughout the country. Pakistan has become self sufficient in hosiery, shawls and carpets. However, in comparison to the cotton textile industry, the woolen textile industry is still fairly small.
Important products of the Pakistan woolen textile industry include woolen cloth, suitings, blankets, shawls and machine made and hand made carpets. Carpets are the leading export item among the other woolen products. Spinning and weaving through local methods is done in small cottage industries throughout Pakistan. Modern woolen textile factories have also sprung up, with important centers at Harnai and Mastung in Balochistan, Bannu and Nowshera in the NWFP, Qaidabad, Lawrencepur, Rawalpindi and Sahiwal in Punjab and Karachi, Hyderabad and Larkana in Sindh.

Towels, Hosiery and Canvas

Towels are an important product of the power looms. There are 6500 looms 1999-2000 in the country making towels. The local consumption of towels is not known, the export of towels to the United States (the largest consumer), other Muslim nations, Western Europe and China has registered a substantial increase.
The export of towels will mostly likely not rise further because quota restrictions and competition from better quality manufacturers.
Hosiery is another industry based on cotton yarn and is an important export item. A number of items are manufactured including vests, underwear, T-shirts, jerseys, sweaters, socks, gloves, There are about 10000 knitting machines in the country and most are located in Sindh and Punjab.
Pakistan has several thousand looms producing canvas and tarpaulins. The industry is export oriented. Recently it has suffered heavily because of a fall in international demand.

Cotton Textile

The cotton textile industry is the largest industry in Pakistan, providing employment to 38 percent of the industrial labor force and contributing the largest share to GNP from the industrial sector. it is passing through a difficult period at the moment, it will always have an important role play in industry because Pakistan has an abundance of raw cotton, a large local market and a big labor force.
The cotton textile industry has made phenomenal progress in Pakistan. In 1948, there were only 78000 spindles and 3000 looms, which produced a total of 6.3 million kilograms of yarn and 29.6 million square meters of cloth. The output steadily increased, with 40 percent of the cotton being consumed locally.
In 1974-5, however the cotton industry faced serious internal problems, The number of spindles and looms began to fall, and the cloth output declined. Even today, the problems faced by the cotton industry are many, outdated machines, a shortage of skilled workers, labor, unionism, a lack of entrepreneurial interest, financial liabilities, poor liquidity and the high cost of cotton and polyester.

Industrial Use of Water

All industries require water, some industries like dyeing, tanning, printing, iron and steel, consume more water than others. In areas where the rainfall is relatively high like the northern parts of the country or where there are large rivers, access to water resources is fairly easy. Places like Peshawar, Lahore, Faisalabad, and other have adequate water for industrial uses. Industries located in low rainfall areas like Sindh and Balochistan, that are also far away from major rivers, suffer from acute water shortages. An assessment of the situation can be made after examining the position of various industrial zones throughout the country.
Karachi, the largest industrial center of the nation, requires a massive quantity of water to run its industries. The industries are located in various parts of the city. The water supplied through pipes is insufficient to meet industrial needs. A large quantity of water has to be supplied by tankers which operate throughout the industrial plants near the Malir and Layari Rivers have bored wells into the river beds in order to tap additional water sources.
Initially tapped sweet water, it is becoming increasingly saline, either the saline water is coming from the ocean, which is nearby, or from the pockets of saline water in the subsoil. A number of industries have had to install desalination plants which have added to the cost of production.
Pakistan steel in Karachi does not suffer from water shortages because the large quantities of water it requires is supplied by the Karachi Water Board. The steel mills store the water in several large reservoirs that have been built for the purpose.

Industrial Policy and Development

In 1972, the government of Pakistan changed its industrial policy by adopting the principle of the mixed economy. Under this policy, the industrial units of ten basic categories were nationalized, namely

1- Iron and steel
2- basic metal
3-heavy engineering
4-heavy electrical
5-the assembly and manufacture of motor vehicles
6-the assembly and manufacture of tractors
7-heavy and basic chemicals
8-petrochemicals
9-cement
10-public utilities (electric generators), electricity transmission and distribution, gas and oil refineries.

Ten industrial Management Boards were set up to run the nationalized industries, Gradually, more and more industries were nationalized. in 1973 the vegetable ghee industry, in 1974 the shipping industry and in 1976 cotton ginning, paddy husking and large flour mills.
nationalization the share of the public sector in industrial investment increased 30 percent. The private sector, which was originally very active, stopped further investments. Private investment in large scale industries fell to one third from 1970-1 to 1976-7. The international market was also reluctant to invest in Pakistan.
After nationalization, the top Management of these industries often went to people with little or no experience in running such large scale enterprises. The out put of certain companies was adversely affected by nationalization. The industrial growth rate dropped from 9.9 percent in the 1960s to 5.3 percent in the 1970s.

Industries

Pakistan begin with a weak industrial base, In the early years, industrial growth took place rapidly. With the nationalization of industries in 1972, however, industrial growth began to fall. Again, a spurt in the 1980s was followed by a slack period in the 1990s. This trend can be seen in the share of industries in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well in the low industrial employment and slow industrial growth rate. The only area in which significant growth has been registered is in the export of manufactured goods.
Industrial policy and development.
The industrial development of a country depends upon a number of factors, including the availability of capital, managerial and technical skill, technology and a proper infrastructure (roads, communications, institutions, ) equally important is the industrial policy laid down by the government.

Rural Electrification

In 1960, the government gave serious thoughts to the problem of rural electrification. Before that, only about 600 villages, out of a total of 45000, had electricity and none in Balochistan and Sindh. By 1999-2000, about 70000 villages had electricity, which meant that about 55 percent of all villages were electrified.
The installation of electricity operated tube wells for irrigation and the control of waterlogging and salinity have greatly helped rural development.
Successive efforts for rural development village Aid, Basic Democracy, the Rural Works Program, the integrated Rural Development Program, have encouraged the extension of facilities, including electricity, to rural areas. The heavy cost of laying down and maintaining transmission line to distant villages with small populations is the main impediment in rural electrification. To overcome this, villages within 1 kilometer of the distribution line and with a population of 1000 in Punjab and Sindh, and 300 to 500 in Balochistan and the NWFP, are selected for electrification. Many villages which do not meet these requirements have to do without electricity. More and more these tiny rural settlements are coming into existence.

The Sectoral Consumption of Electricity
The electricity generated in Pakistan has increased from 7600 Gwh in 1971 to 62100 Gwh in 1997-8, it is still not sufficient because there has also been a corresponding increase in consumption.
At present, domestic, industrial, agricultural, street lighting and commercial users are the main consumers of electricity in descending order of importance. Because of the increase in housing in urban areas, the use of electric gadgets and rural electrification, domestic users are on the rise. Agriculture has also registered a substantial increase, primarily because of electric tube wells.

Solar Power and Biogas

Pakistan has an abundance of sunshine throughout the year. The length of the shortest day of the year in Pakistan is about 9.5 hours. Even during the rainy season, there are very few cloudy days with continues periods of cloudy days extremely rare.
The conditions in Pakistan are ideal for the development of solar energy. However, its economic, technical and organizational problems are not easy to solve. The generation of electricity through this source is still in its experimental stage.
Based on a demonstration unit in 1974, a national Bio Gas program was launched in Pakistan in 1980-1. By 1985-6 more than 4000 biogas units were installed, but most of them are already in disuse.

Thermal Power

Most of the electricity in the country is produced by thermal power plants. In 1999-2000, their contribution to total energy production was 70 percent. Thermal plants have acquired this lead since 1988-9. Previously, hydel plants were the largest source of electricity.
Unlike the hydel plants, which are concentrated in northern Punjab and the NWFP, the thermal plants are well distributed throughout the country. The main center for the production of thermal power is Karachi. Other important stations in Sindh include Kotri, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Guddu. Large thermal plants in Punjab are located at Rawalpindi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan and Kot Addu. In Balochistan, there are thermal plants at Quetta, Pasni and Hub.
Two government organizations, The Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) and the Karachi Electrical Supply Corporation (KESC) are responsible for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Pakistan. Recently some private organizations have been allowed to generate electricity. Twelve projects have been completed and have started supplying electricity. WAPDA purchases electricity from them and distributes it among consumers.

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is an important source of energy in Pakistan. Most of the hydel plants in Pakistan are located on the rivers in the Mountainous North where the rugged topography provides a good head for the generation of electricity. A good head means that the water falls from a sufficient height on the turbine, making it turn. A regular flow of water is also essential to ensure the year round generation of electricity. Unfortunately, the rivers of Pakistan have a low discharge in the winter season which reduces their power generating capacity. As a result, power shortages generally occur in the winter.
A few low artificial water falls along canals have been utilized to develop small hydel plants. According to an estimate made by WAPDA, the hydel power potential of Pakistan is 30000 MW of which 20000 MW can be utilized economically. The installed capacity of hydel power plants was 4285 MW in 1999 -2000. At the time of independence, there were two hydel plants in Pakistan Renala and Malakand. Since then, several more important hydel plants have been built, including the largest projects, Tarbela, Mangla and Warsak.
Tarbela is a magnificent earth filled dam about 135 meters high on the Indus River. It is a multi purpose project which was primarily constructed to supply water for irrigation but also produces electricity. Its installed capacity is 3478 MW.
Mangla is another gigantic multi purpose project. It is located on the Jhelum River at the point where the River leaves the Mountains. Besides providing water for irrigation, it generates 1000 MW of electricity.
There are number of small hydel power plants in Pakistan. Their combined installed capacity is 107 MW. one of them is Renala, Located on the upper Bari Doab Canal. The demand for electrical energy in Pakistan is increasing rapidly. A quick solution of that problem is required.

Electricity

At Independence, Pakistan's installed electric capacity was below local requirements. Some electricity was imported from India, but from the outset efforts were made to develop local sources of electricity. It was only after the development of the Rasul Hydel Plant in 1952 that it was possible to stop importing power from India.
There has been a rapid increase in the amount of electricity generated in Pakistan. The increase is phenomenal, it amounts to less than 50 percent of the electrical capacity of a large city in the development world. The per capita consumption of electricity in Pakistan is about 2 percent that of the United States and Switzerland.
Pakistani power plants do not run to full capacity, with sometimes as little as 50 percent being utilized. Because the supply of electricity cannot meet the enormous demand, load shading takes place during the winter when the water level in the rivers is low. The financial losses because of load shading are enormous.
The provinces are linked by a national grid. Power is distributed through this grid to the different parts of the country. This system has its advantages, a significance amount of electricity is lost in the transmission. Unfortunately, the grid was laid out an enormous cost to the government and is equally expensive to maintain. There are three main sources of electrical energy in Pakistan.
Hydel 29 percent, Thermal 70 percent, Nuclear Electricity 1 percent.

Natural Gas

The search for oil in Pakistan resulted in the accidental discovery In 1952 of a gas field at Sui, Balochistan. Since then, a number of gas fields have been discovered in Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab, and gas production has registered a steady increase. In 1999-2000, the total natural gas output was 23159 million cubic meters, 5.6 times what it was in 1971.
Natural Gas is the second largest source of energy in Pakistan if imported petroleum is set aside, natural gas becomes Pakistan's foremost domestic fuel. In 1999, it was estimated that Pakistan's natural gas reserve amounts to approximately 492 billion cubic meters.


The Sectoral Consumption of Gas
Gas in consumed by various sectors, the energy sector is the largest consumer. In 1999-2000, this sector consumed 32 percent of the total natural gas output, followed by the fertilizer industry 24.8 percent, households 19.6 percent, other industries 18.9 percent and the commercial sector 3 percent.

Oilfields and Oil Refineries

There are two main oil production regions in Pakistan.
1-Lower Sindh
2-the Northern Region

Both of these regions have several oilfields. All the oilfields in Pakistan are fairly small in size, and several of them have already been depleted. Unless new fields are discovered and exploited in the near future, oil production in Pakistan will dwindle. At present, the Lower Sindh Oilfields produce more than 60 percent of the total petroleum output of the country. This area emerged as an important petroleum producing region in 1981, when the Khaskheli Oilfield was discovered in th Badin District. Since then, about 20 oilfields were discovered in quick succession.
The Northern Region was identified as an oil producing region in 1915, with the discovery of the Khaur Oilfield. Since then, a number of other oilfields have been discovered in the region.
There are several oil refineries in Pakistan. The small Attock Refinery at Morga, Rawalpindi, is the oldest. It refines the oil produced in the Potwar Plateau. The Pakistan Refinery and the National Refinery are located in Karachi. They refine imported oil and the oil produced in Lower Sindh. A large refinery has been built at Mahmood Cot, near Multan. A new refinery is also being set up at Hab.

Petroleum, Consumptio and Production of Petroleum

The geological conditions in certain parts of Pakistan are favorable for the formation and extraction of oil. Extensive areas are covered with marine sedimentary rocks, which are conducive to oil formation. Encouraged by this, the search for oil began in the 1860s and is still underway. In 1961, the Oil and Gas Development Corporation was setup up to organize and undertake the exploitation, development, production, refining and sale of oil.
In 1991, the first petroleum policy was framed by the government. The main objective of the policy was to give financial concessions to foreign firms to explore and develop oil in Pakistan. As a result, several foreign petroleum firms are now working in the country.
The production of Petroleum in Pakistan was small in the early years after the partition. Since then, oil production has increased about 28 times from 99000 tonnes in `949-50 to 2756000 tonnes in 1997-8. Despite this increase, Pakistan is still deficient in oil. In 1997-8, Pakistan consumed about `6.2 million tonnes of oil. Only 17 percent of this was met by domestic production.
Petroleum and petroleum products remain one of Pakistan's top import items. The bulk of oil is consumed by the transport and power sectors. In 1997-8, transport (aeroplanes, trucks, buses, automobiles,) Consumed 44 percent, and power 36 percent, of the total petroleum output. The remaining 20 percent was consumed largely by the industrial sector.

Power Resources

Pakistan's energy consumption, as compared to most countries, is low. Pakistan consumes 10 times less energy than the world average and about 80 times less than the United States. However, the per capita consumption has risen from 0.26 TOE (Tonnes oil equivalent) in 1991-2 to 0.31 in 1997-8. Despite the low consumption of energy, Pakistan is not self sufficient in power resources. A certain quantity has to be imported.
The main sources of energy in Pakistan are, in order of importance, oil, gas, hydel and coal. This has remained the pattern for quite some time. Minor energy sources include nuclear and LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas).

Clays

Clays, largely composed of hydrous aluminium silicate minerals, are fine grained and can be moulded when wet. There are many different types of clays, In Pakistan the important industrial clays are china clay, fuller's earth and betonite.

China Clay
China clay or kaolin is used in the manufacture of protein and special types of cement. It is also used as a filler in rubber and paper and as coating.
The largest deposits of china clay in Pakistan are shah deri, which is north-west of Saidu Sharif in the Swat District. The total reserve of china clay in the country is estimated at 4.9 million tonnes. The production of china clay has increased from 8000 tonnes in 1971-2 to 63000 tonnes in 1999-2000. This amount is still insufficient to meet local demand necessitating the import of further quantities.

Fire Clay
Fire clay is generally used in refractories to make fire bricks, insulating bricks, and in the manufacture of pottery and chemicals. Like china clay, it is also used as a filler.
Fire clay is found in both the eastern and western Salt Ranges, the quality of the western deposits is superior. Pakistan's total fire clay reserve is 100 million tonnes. The annual production of 100000 tonnes is sufficient to meet local demand.

Fuller's Earth
Fullers earth is used in oil rigs, foundries and steel mills. It is also used in oil filtering and clarifying and in sealing of reservations. Pakistan' main deposits of fullers earth are found at Ranki and Sebdi Nalas in the southern Sulaiman Range. There are also huge reserves at Thano Bula Khan in the Lakhi Ranges, north-east of Karachi, which has been mined since 1960.
Pakistan's total reserve of fullers earth is extremely large, with an annual production of 15 to 20000 tonnes.

Bentonite
Bentonite is put to similar use as fuller's earth and is found in the central Salt Range at Qadirpur Bhilmore and Bhadrar, in the eastern Salt Range at Rohtas Dariala and in the foothills of Azad Kashmir. Pakistan's total reserves of bentonite is estimated at 100000 tonnes. The annual production is small, ranging from 1000 to 1500 tonnes.

Celestite
Celestite is used in signal rockets and flares, tracer bullets, transportation warning fuses and fireworks. It is also used in the manufacturing of strontium compounds, ceramics, luminous paints, plastics.
In Pakistan, there are two well known deposits, one of which is near Thano Bula Khan in sindh. Smaller deposits of celestile can be found near Daud Khel in the western Salt Range. Celestite is usually found in the cracks and cavities of sedimentary rocks. Pakistan mines a small quantity of celestite annually 802000 tonnes in 19999-2000, which is sufficient for local demand.

Marble

Marble s used as a decorative stone in buildings. Pakistan has a fairly large reserve of marble in different colors and some can compete with the best quality marble with in the world. The Mullagori deposits in the Khyber Agency are renowned for their high quality. White Mullagori marble is comparable to the famous marble of carrara in Italy and Malirana in Indai. White marble is also found at Ghundai Tarako, at the boundary of Swabi in the Mardan District and in Swat. Aside from white marble, Pakistani marble comes in a number of colors, including grey, yellow and brown. The quarry at Maneri Hills, again at Swabi, has white and grey chips. Onyx marble or travertine is found in the Chagai area in Balochistan and is thought to be the result of the deposition of hot springs. It has bands of various shades, including green , Yellow, red and white. Some low quality onyx is also found at Thano Bula Khan in Sindh.
The demand for marble in Pakistan is on the rise, with a resultant increase in production . In 1960-1, it was 6000 tonnes. In 1999-2000, it was as high as 579000 tonnes. A large amount of the marble produced in Pakistan is exported.

Mineral Resources

When Pakistan was created in 1947, only few minerals were known to exist in the country. Since then, particularly with the help of the Geological Survey of Pakistan and similar organizations, the presence of other minerals has been confirmed. Despite these findings, there are only about 25 percent to 30 major minerals in Pakistan. In some cases, the quantity and quality of these minerals has not been ascertained, particularly as many are located in inaccessable areas, where infrastructure for their exploitation does not exist. As a result of these constraints, mining is still a minor sector of the country's economy and provides a weak base for industrial development. It accounts for about 0.5 percent of the GNP.
The government has always taken an interest in developing the mining sector. The Geological Survey of Pakistan, which has been operating in the country since independence, is responsible for investigating and mapping minerals deposits. In 1961, the Oil and Gas Development Corporation, established in 1974, is a specialized agency for the exploration and marketing of all minerals. There are additional agencies that are responsible for particular minerals in certain areas, like Saindak Metals Ltd. for copper and other metals in Saindak, Balochistan and Larkana Coal Development Company for coal in Larkana, Sindh. In addition, the development of the mining sector takes place at the provincial level to coordinate the work of the various federal and provincial agencies at work in such a small sector of the economy and that this detracts from their efficiency. Although Pakistan is poor in metallic minerals it has rich deposits of certain non metallic minerals.

A History of Land Tenure in the Subcontinent

Land tenure is the legal or customary relationship between the landowner, tenant or cultivator who has an interest in the land. The owner cultivator has a special bond with the land and takes good care of it. The tenant cultivator, on the other hand, is more interested in the productivity of the land, even if the quality of the land is affected in the process.
Land tenure has a direct relationship with agricultural practice and production. In ancient times, land tenure was communal, and individual proprietorship did not exist. The Aryans, who came to the subcontinent in 15000 BC, first introduced the concept of family ownership of land, paving the way for individual ownership. During the Muhghal period, three land tenure systems were in place, village tenancy, family ownership and individual proprietorship.Taxes were collected by government-appointed tax collectors who either kept a part of the amount as remuneration or were allocated rent free land. Later, this rent collection system became hereditary, signalling the beginning of the zamindari system. The Mughals also bestowed jagirs or rent free land on their subjects.
During the period of political instability just prior to the extension of British rule in the Punjab and in the NWFP, influential landlords managed to acquire large estates. When the British came to power, they recognized their proprietary rights. The British also granted large jagirs to those individual who had helped them conquer the region. The landlords and jagirdars could rent land to tenants. The mahalwari system was practiced in the eastern parts of Punjab. In this system, the peasants of village were collectively and individually responsible for the payment of land revenue. This system was also practiced in the NWFP, where it was known as bhaichara.
In sindh, most of the land was allocated by the Mughals to local chiefs. The British also recognized their proprietary rights. The pattadari system was practiced in the northern parts of Sukkur, Shikarpur. In this system, land was held by individuals on payment of a nominal rent to the government. In addition, there were zamindari and peasant holdings in which the ownership of the land was vested in the state but the occupants were allowed to inherit, divide and transfer the property as long as they paid revenue to the government. The British also introduced the ryotwari system in which the state retained proprietory rights to the land but leased it to tenants at will called haris. The haris only paid rent for the years that they ploughed the fields. By 1932, after the construction of the Sukkur Barrage and the laying of perennial canals, wealthy people purchased land at high prices and rented them out to poor cultivators. As a result, a large class of big landowners emerged.
Pakistan has inherited all of these land tenure systems, making the issue of land ownership in the country a very complicated one. These systems are still in current usage. In recent times, absentee landlordism has led to the development of occupancy tenants and tenants at will Under occupancy tenure, the occupants have the right to cultivate the land on payment of a small rent. Although they do not own the land, their right over it is inheritable and irrevocable. Tenants at will, on the other hand, are hired by the landlord and have no occupancy rights. It is estimated that about 50 percent of the cultivated land in Pakistan is held by occupancy tenants and tenants at will.

Mechanization

Agriculture in Pakistan is largely dependent upon traditional implements. Wooden ploughs and iron sickles still dominate the agricultural scene although tractors and threshers have made great headway. Meanwhile, the debate for and against mechanization continues.
Low yields are a common agricultural problem in Pakistan. Some people mistakenly assume that crop yields will increase with greater mechanization. However, the application of fertilizer, insecticides and pesticides, along with improvved seeds and adequate water, do more good in increasing crop yields than mechanization.
Tractors still play the key role in mechanization, as they make possible the use of the disc plough, the mould board plough, the chisel plough, the disc harrow, cultivators and other machines which help to pulverize the soil and enable deep plouhing. If the land is prepared properly, farmers have an increased chance of growing healthy crops.
Tractors are not only more efficient but also quicker than traditional bullocks. As a result, the introduction of tractors has also led to a 56 percent decrease in the number of farm animals in Pakistan. Thus, the maintenance cost of tractors and other farm machinery can be balanced out by the reduction in the number of work animals can then be used to produce food for human consumptions or raw materials for factories. It is claimed that the small size of farms is unsuitable for the large scale use of tractors. However, they have been successfully used in Japan, where the size of farms is also comparatively small.
The government's policy towards mechanization has fluctuated over the years. In 1952, the Pakistan Agricultural Inquiry Committee discouraged the use of tractors in view of the unemployment situation in the country. At that time, it was estimated that compete mechanization would replace two thirds of the farm labor force. On the other hand, the food and Agricultural Committee of 1969 strongly recommended the mechanization of agriculture. Since then, the government has favored mechanization and has provided farmers loans for the purchase of farm equipment. The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council also promotes the use of mechanized farm equipment. As a result, the number of tractors and other farm machinery has increased steadily. Aside from tractors, tillers, combines, harvesters, threshers, reapers and transplanters have also been introduced. The use of machinery in developing new agricultural land is now a common practice.
As the tractor is the most basic of farm equipment, it is a useful index to measure the extent of mechanization in the country. In the beginning, Pakistan was dependent on imported tractors. Now the demand for tractors is largely met by local production. In 1997-8, more than 14000 tractors were manufactured. The government still provides subsidies for the purchase of tractors. In 1994, Punjab accounted for 84 percent of tractor use, Sindh 9 percent, the NWFP 5 percent and Balochistan 2 percent.

Plant Protection

Pests and diseases cause great damage to crops, no survey has been conduced to estimate the damage. The loss, however, is greater than 20 percent and therefore quite substantial.
The solution to this problem is integrated pest management. This includes.

1- the planting of pest resistant varieties of crops.
2- the controlling and propagating of useful insects and predators.
3- the application of pesticides.
4 the removal of weeds and unwanted plants.

Planting pest resistant varieties is a curative measure. Even so, these varieties are not available in sufficient quantities. Only 10 percent of the cropped area in Pakistan has been planted with such varieties. Some useful insects and predators help control pest, but they can become a menace in themselves if left unchecked. This is not a problem that can be easily tackled.
The application of pesticides is the only measure in general use, However, its indiscriminate use is harmful to human health and also kills useful insects and predators. The application of substandard pesticides is a common problem and is causing more harm than good.
There are two methods of applying pesticides to crops. aerial spraying and ground spraying. Soon after the partition, the government gave subsidies to those who used fertilizers. In 1980-1, subsidies for ground spraying were withdrawn, followed by those for aerial spraying. However, the government does take special care to monitor locust attacks and ensures that aerial spraying is done to control this serious menace. Aerial spraying is negligible at only 1 percent of the toatal cropped area.
Ground spraying is a more common method of applying pesticides in Pakistan. Its use has increased from 5 percent of the total cropped area in 1980 to 34 percent in 1997-8. It is used mainly for cotton, sugar cane and rice. More than 90 percent of the cotton area, 85 percent of the sugar cane area and 70 percent of the rice area are sprayed. The entire tobacco crop of the country is sprayed, but it covers a smaller area of land. Other crops that are sprayed by pesticides include oil sees, maize , fruits and vegetables.
In 1997-8, 40 percent of the cropped area in Sindh was sprayed, 35 percent in Punjab, 24 percent in the NWFP and only 3 percent in Balochistan.

Fertilizer

The use of manure for increasing soil fertility has been known since antviquity and has been practiced in the Pakistan region for centuries. Cow dung, oil cakes and compost are traditional manures but are only available in limited amounts because a large quantity of cow dung is burnt as fuel and oil cake is too costly to be used as fertilizer. As a result, farmers use chemical fertilizers.
In 1951-2, chemical fertilizers were virtually unknown in Pakistan. Since then, there has been a rapid increase in the quantity of chemical fertilizers used by farmers. At least initially, the government had to fight the fear and prejudice of farmers who were reluctant to use them. The government also had to subsidize the purchase of chemical fertilizers in order to popularize them. The subsidy was withdrawn in 1996-7.
The consumption of fertilizer per hectare has substantially increased from 15 kilograms in 1970-1 to 115 kilograms in 1997-8. The consumption has increased largely because of lower crop yields and the heavier requirements of the HYVs of wheat, rice and cotton. Despite this increase, the consumption of fertilizer in Pakistan is less than countries like the Netherlands and Japan. Pakistan's consumption is equal to that of the United States but greater than that of India. It is important to note that western countries are actually cutting down on the use of chemical fertilizers because of their adverse effect on soils. Similar considerations may affect the future expansion of chemical fertilizers in Pakistan.
Pakistani soil is particularly deficient in organic matter. About 80 percent of the fertilizer used in Pakistan consist of nitrogen, 19 percent phosphate and 1 percent potash. Rabi crops constitute about 55 percent and kharif crops 45 percent of the total fertilizer consumption.
Sindh consumes the largest quantity of fertilizer per hectare at 166 kilograms, followed by Punjab at 113 kilograms, the NWFP at 70 kilograms and Balochistan at 53 kilograms. The production of chemical fertilizers in Pakistan has increased from 11500 nutrient tonnes actual nutrient content to 714000 tonnes in 1997-8. However, consumption is still more than production so that 25 percent of the fertilizer consumed has to be imported.

The Dams

The two storage dams which were to be built as part of the Indus Water Treaty were at Tarbela and Mangla. Now complete, the Tarbela Dam is located on the Indus near Tarbela about 47 kilometers upstream from Attock. It is a multi purspose project designed to store 11.0 million acre feet of water and o generate 2.1 million kilowatts of electricity. It irrigates part of the Potwar Plateau, but its main function is to supply water to the Chashma Jhelum Link Canal through which the Trimmu Sidhnai Mailsi Bahawal Link System is also fed. The Tarbela Dam also feeds the Taunsa Panjanad Link Canal. The Jinnah, Chashma, Taunsa, Guddu, Sukkur and Kotri Barrages built on the Indus are supplied with water from the Tarbela Dam in winter when the flow is low.
The Mangla Dam which was completed in 1969, is located on the Jhelum and has a storage capacity of 5.5 million acre feet. In future , it will be possible to raise its storage capacity to 9.6 million acre feet. It supplies water to canals irrigating he chaj and Bari Doabs. The water is also used to generate electricity. Ultimately, three million kilowatts of electricity will be generated from this dam.

The Indus Water Treaty

In 1947, when Pakistan was created, the province of Punjab was divided. Part of it was given to India and part to Pakistan. The headworks at Madhopur on the Ravi and at Firozpur on the Sutlej were in India, but many of the canals that branched off from them were irrigating agricultural lands of the newly founded Pakistan.
A number of committees were constituted to deal with the problems that resulted from the division of Punjab. The question of water sharing between East Punjab India and West Punjab Pakistan was referred to Committee B. The unanimous agreement of the members of the committee is given in paragraph 15 of the Report, which states The committee is agreed that there is no question of varying authorized share of water to which the two zones and canals are authorized. This agreement was also affirmed by the Punjab partition Committee, which was headed by the governor of the province. As a result, this problem was not referred to the arbitral tribunal appointed to settle the disputes between India and Pakistan arising out of the partition.
The life of the tribunal ended on 31 March 1948. The following day, India stopped the flow of water into Pakistani canals. This was a serious matter. Pakistan took the issue up with India, and an interim agreement was arrived at on 4 May 1948. For a permanent solution to the problem, negotiations started in 1952 under the auspices of the World Bank.
In September 1960, an agreement was signed which came to be known as the Indus Water Treaty. Under this treaty, Pakistan received exclusive rights over the three western rivers, th Indus, Jhelum and Chenab, and India those of the three eastern rivers, the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. There was to be a transitional period ending on 31 March 1970, which was extendable by three more years. During this transitional period, India agreed to continue supplying water to Pakistan. During the same period, it was expected that Pakistan would construct two storage dams, five barrages, one gated syphon and eight link canals to divert some of the water of the western rivers into the interfluves of the eastern rivers. The construction cost was to be met with the help of aid from the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. A part of the cost was also to be paid by India. The remaining expenditure was to be met by Pakistan. The replacement works were entrusted to WAPDA.

Inundated Canals

This region has a long history of irrigation canals. In the mid 14th century, Firoz Shah Tughluq dug inundated canals in India for the spread of colonization. They were laid out in this area up to the middle of the 19th century. These canals were seasonal and supplied water to the fields in the summer when the donor rivers were in flood, so that they were beneficial for kharif crops. The rabi crops took advantage of the moisture left in the land from summer flooding. As a consequence, the emphasis was on the cultivation of kharif crops.
Inundated canals can only irrigate flood plains where the land is sufficiently level and slopes downward from the river bank. That is why the main network of inundation canals was developed in Sindh and is southern punjab, near Panjnad. A limited number of inundatio canals took off from the Upper Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej Rivers. The bar uplands were not served by inundation canals, as they could not rise up the 5 to 7 meter high bluffs separating the flood plains and the bar uplands. The bar uplands were only irrigated and heavily colonized after the introduction of perennial canals to the region.

Irrigation Methods

In Pakistan, because water is scarce, irrigation has become a necessity. Both groundwater and surface water is used for irrigation. Wells, tube wells and karez tap the groundwater. Canals, diversion canals and sailaba irrigation through flood water are used to rechannel the surface water flowing into streams.
Canals alone account for about 80 percent of irrigation, followed by tube wells at 17 percent. Only 2 percent of the irrigated areas is watered through wells, karez diversion canals, sailaba.
Lift Irrigation.
One of the oldest methods of irrigation in Pakistan is lift irrigation. In early times, water was lifted by hand in a bucket attached to a rope from shallow wells and ditches. Because it involved a considerable amount of labor, only a small area of land could be irrigated.
An improvement in this method was effected with the dhenkli, which is commonly known as the shaduf. The shaduf consists of a bucket suspended by a rope from one end of a pole. A weight like a rock, is placed at the other end of the pole. The pole is suspended on a Y shaped post at a well or a river bank. The bucket is dipped into the water by hand and the wieght at the other end of the pole helps to lift it up.
Tube Wells.
The tube well is a fairly new addition to Pakistan's irrigation system. It can tap water up to depths of several hundred meters and is operated by diesel or electric motors.
In 1947, there were virtually no tube wells in Pakistan. The tube well emerged as an effective means of irrigation in 1953-4 when 0.2 million hectares of land were irrigated with this method. Since then , it has made stedy progress. From the mid 1960 to todya, tube wells have become the leading means of irrigation after canals. In 1999-2000 tube wells irrigated 17. 1 percent of the total irrigated area, however, tube wells are not suitable for the irrigation of very large tracts of land like canal irrigation is.

Irrigation

The use of irrigation to combat aridity is an old tradition in this region. Beginning with simple lift irrigation, Pakistan has developed one of the most intricate and complex system of canal irrigation in the world. The development of agriculture in Pakistan is largely dependent on irrigation. More than 80 percent of the total cropped area is under irrigation.
Rainfall is a critical factor in the growth of crops, particularly in Pakistan where most of the land is dry . About 50 percent of the country is arid, 40 percent semi arid and only 10 percent humid. The whole of Sindh, most of Balochistan and a large part of Punjab south of Sahiwal receive less than 250 millimeters of rainfall a year. North of the arid region, a large part of northern Punjab, soutern NWFP and northern Balochistan experience semi arid condition. The only area in Pakistan fortunate enough to experience humid conditions is found in the center towards the north, where rainfall is 750 millimeters in the plains and 625 millimeters in the highlands. In the arid and semi arid regions, irrigation is necessary for successful farming. Even in the humid areas, rainfall is not always adequate during the growing season, with a high year to year variability.

Oil Seeds

Oil seeds are used in making the vegetable ghee that is used in cooking and for animal fodder. Oil seeds are also put to industrial use. A number of different oil seeds are gown in Pakistan, the most important of which is the cotton seed, which accounts for 60 percent of total oil seed production.
Traditionally, the most important oil seeds produced in Pakistan are rape and mustard. These are grown so widely throughout the country that no one region can be earmarked as a rape or mustard region. Because rape and mustard are grown in conditions similar to that of wheat, their production is on the decline because they cannot compete with this more lucrative crop. They are grown in all four provinces, and the share of each province is in direct proportion to its cultivated area.
Groundnut, which is grown in barani as well as irrigated areas, is also an oil seed that is grown in Pakistan. It does well in good as well as poorer soils. It, too, fails to compete with wheat and is consequently grown only in northern and eastern Punjab and in the marginal lands of Sindh and the NWFP. Groundnut is not grown in Balochistan. It has registered a nominal increase in area and production recently.
Sesame is produced in Pakistan in small quantities. Punjab accounts for 90 percent of the acreage and production. Sesame is on the decline in the other three provinces, where it is grown in very small quantities.
Three new oil seeds have been introduced in Pakistan in the recent past. Sunflower, safflower and soya bean. Sunflower seeds have acquired some importance, particularly in Punjab, which grows 60 percent of the total crop, followed by Sindh, at 20 percent. Although safflower is not grown in Punjab or Balochistan, it has made some progress in Sindh. Soya bean cultivation is still in its early stages, but its plantation has already been abandoned in Punjab and Balochistan. Only a limited area of soya bean cultivation takes place in Sindh. The NWFP is the only province which produces and appreciable amount of soya bean.
Pakistan is deficient in oil seeds. Because local production only meets 30 percent of local demand, the rest has to be imported. In addition, the demand for oil seeds increases by 9 percent annually. In 1999-2000, for example, a sum of Rs 21402 million were spent on the import of edible oil. It was 2.4 times more than what was imported as recently as 1990-1. This is, therefore, an urgent problem which needs to be addressed. Unfortunately, however, there is limited cultivable land in Pakistan, so it is difficult for oils seeds to compete with wheat, cotton and sugar cane. Much research and effort is still required to increase the oil seed yield.

Pulses

Pulses constitute an important source of protein for most Pakistanis, the country is still deficient in them. Every year, a considerable amount of pulses have to be imported from abroad. In 1997-8 for example, about 1.2 million tonnes of pulses costing a total of Rs 1753 million had to be imported.
Gram, moong, mash, masoor and peas are among the important pulses grown in Pakistan, Gram is the most important of these, accounting for 70 percent of the pulse growing areas and 70 percent of the total production. Gram is followed in importance by moong and peas, constituting 10 percent, and mash and masoor, constituting 4 percent , of the total pulse growning area.
Punjab accounts for 75 percent of the total pulse growing area and 70 percent of its production. Peas are the only pulses that are grown in greater quantities in Sindh. After Punjab, Sindh is the second largest producer of pulses at 18 percent of both area and production, followed by the NWFT and Balochistn.
In general, pulses can be grown in barani areas. The eastern and northern districts of Punjab, along with Bahawalnagar, are important pulse growing areas, as are the the eastern and western borders of Sindh. Masoor is the only pulse which is widely grown throughout Punjab.

Cereals

Among the minor cereals, bajra (millet), Jowar (sorghum) and barley are grown in Pakistan. In total, their production is about 4 percent that of wheat. These cereals are eaten by poorer families and are also used as animal fodder. They are therefore known as coarse grains. With the development and expansion of the poultry industry, they have become quite important as chicken feed.
Bajra, jowar and barely can be grown in poorer soils. They also require less water than wheat. They can be grown in dry areas where there are fewer irrigation facilities. The districts of eastern an northern Punjab lead in the production of bajra and jowar, followed by the eastern and western districts of Sindh, where there is very little irrigation. Tharparkur Sindh leads in bajra production , whereas the Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal and Khushab Districts of Punjab constitute the jowar belt. Barley is of lesser importance both in area and production and is grown largely in Balochistan and the NWFT.
Recently, wheat has been encroaching on marginal lands and pushing out the coarser, less profitable, grains. The coarse grains, however, still have an important place in Pakistan's economy as animal fodder. The government has, therefore, established research institutes to assist in their development and continues survival.

Rice, Maize Export

The export of rice recorded a phenomenal increase from Rs 274 million in 1971-2 Rs 1136 million in 1972-3. This sudden rise in rice exports was due to the secession of East, Pakistan, which used to consume the surplus rice produced by West Pakistan. In the very next year (1973-4), rice became Pakistan's leading export and continued to lead till 1983-4 when it was replaced by raw cotton, However, from time to time, rice still heads the export list, particularly in years when the cotton crop does not do well. Basmati rice is mostly exported to the Middle East. Other varieties are exported to various Asian countries.
Maize is a food crop which is only eaten by poorer families who cannot afford to purchase other grains. Maize is primarily used for animal fodder. As consequence , it is not a prestigious a crop as cotton or rice and is only grown in small quantities. Although maize is grown in many districts, it is largely a crop of the northern areas where there is heavier rainfall.
Where there is little rainfall, irrigation facilities are available. The NWFP is the leading producer of maize both in are production, followed by Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan grow very little maize. The main maize growing region is confined to a small area in south central NWFP. The secondary regions are east, north-west and west of this main region. Another extensive secondary maize growing area is found in central and northern Punjab.

Agricultural land use

Because Pakistan is an agricultural country, one would expect a large area under plough. The reality , however, is otherwise only 28 percent of the total land area of the country is under cultivation. The main impediments to further agricultural expansion are arid conditions and rugged topography. Despite the obstacles, the cultivated area has increased from 147000 square kilometers in 1947-8 to 220000 square kilometers in 2000-1 and increase of 50 percent in 52 years.
Pakistan has three options for extending the cultivable area. ploughing forests and converting uncultivable land and cultivable waste into productive farm land. In practice, the forested land area and the uncultivable area have increased over the years. On the other hand, cutivable waste has not appreciably changed. However, the cultivable area has increased by 73000 square kilometers. The only plausible explanation of this is that the cultivated area was already in existence but was not duly reported.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to determine land use in Pakistan with any degree of accuracy. The information that we have relates to those areas that have been specifically reported, usually from old village records. Most of these village records are incomplete slightly more reliable information is available where a proper settlement survey has been done.
Fortunately, however, the method of reporting is gradually improving. In 2000-1, the land use of 60 percent of the total land are 461000 square kilometers was reported and, in 2000-1, the land use of 75 percent 593000 square kilometers. As reporting improving, the land use of more are and the cultivable area is becoming known with the extension of the reported area , hidden cultivated areas are coming to light. One notable feature of agricultural land use in Pakistan is the extension in ares sown more than once. this has increased five times between 1947 and 2000-1, largely due to improved irrigational facilities.

Inflation

Inflation refers to a general increase in prices and a consequent fall in the purchasing power of money. The per capita income of a nation only indicates prosperity if it is higher than the rate of inflation.
In Pakistan, inflation is measured by four indices the Consumer Price Index (CPI). the Wholesale Price Index (WPI), the Sensitive Price Index (SPI) and the Gross Domestic Product Deflator(GDP deflator). In Pakistan, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is considered the best indicator of inflation.
The inflation rate in Pakistan remained at an all time low during the 1950s at 2.6 percent, rising to 4 percent during the 1960s. It reached an all time high in the 1970s at 12.2 percent. It fell to 7.3 percent in the 1980s but rose to 11 percent in the 1990s. In other words, to maintain the present living standards in the country, the per capita income must increase by more than 11 percent annually.

Per Capita Income

The per capita income is often used to measure the prosperity of a country but does not always provide an accurate picture. In Rupee terms, for example, the per capita income in Pakistan has steadily increased. It increased from Rs 396 in 1959-60 to Rs 4718 in 1999-2000. If these figures are converted into US Dollars at the then prevailing rates of exchange, the per capita income rose from US$83 in 1959-60 to US$359 in 1980-1 but fell to US$91 in 1999-2000. In other words, people are becoming poorer.
Secondly, this already small amount of per capita income is not evenly distributed. Surveys conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics reveal that in 1996-7 , 20 percent of the households with the lowest income only had a 7 percent share in the total national income. On the other hand, 20 percent of the households with the highest income had a 49 percent share of the total national income. In 1992-3, it was 6.2 percent and 48.2 percent respectively. In other words, the poor are getting poorer and the rich are getting richer. It is estimated that 40 percent of the population lives below the poverty line.

Foreign Loans and Grants

Pakistan's poor economy and social structure were evident from partition. Although it aspired towards being a welfare state with a strong economy, money, planning and good governance were needed. Money in the form of loans and grants from foreign countries, agencies and banks flowed into the country.
In the beginning, foreign economic assistance to Pakistan largely took the form of grants. With the passage of time, however, grants increasingly gave way to loans, During the first five year plan (1955 - 60), grants constituted 80 percent and loans 20 percent of the total foreign funds received. By the Fourth five year plan (1970-5), grants fell to 10 percent. There was a slight boost in the fifth and sixth five year plans when relief assistance was provided for the Afghan refuges. By the Seventh Five Year Plan (1988-93), grants had again dropped to 16 percent, followed by a further drop to 9 percent during the Eighth Five Year Plan (1993-8).
Pakistan's Foreign debt has also been on the rise. From US$0.17 billion in 1960-1, it jumped to US$ 25.4 billion in 1999-2000. Most of this foreign borrowing is used for debt servicing, leaving only a small amount for the financing of development projects. In 1999-2000, 57 percent of the budget was spent on debt servicing, 26 percent on defence and the remaining 17 percent on all other expenditure and development.
Most of foreign loans have to be repaid in foreign exchange ( Usually US Dollars ). A country can only earn foreign exchange if it engages in foreign trade, provided that it exports more than it imports. Unfortunately, however Pakistan has a negative balance of trade, meaning that it imports more than it exports, and foreign investment in the country is limited at US$54.3 million in 1999-2000. An alternative source of foreign exchange is the remittances sent by Pakistanis working abroad. Since 1972-3, this has become a good source of foreign exchange earnings. In 1972-3, US$ 136 million were remitted to Pakistan by workers from abroad. The remittances peaked in 1982-3, when a total of US$ 2885 million were remitted. Since then, however, remittances have decreased. It was US$ 984 million in 1999-2000.
Unfortunately, remittance alone cannot meet Pakistan's demand for foreign exchange, so the country has to resort to obtaining foreign loans. These foreign loans are used for debt servicing and so, the cycle continues.

Economic Planning in Pakistan

In Pakistan, planning for economic development began soon after independence. In 1951, a six year Development plan was launched, followed by the first five year plan between 1955 and 1960. Since then, the country has passed through eight five year plans, except for the period between 1971 and 1978, when plans were made on an annual basis. The Eighth Five year plan ended in 1998. All of these plans had the same goals, although the priorities differed from year to year.

i- to boost the economy.
ii- to bridge the economic gap between the rich and the poor.
iii- to reduce the development disparities between regions.
iv- to improve health, education and social conditions.
v- to develop domestic resources and decrease the dependence on foreign loans.

Some progress has been made in the development of an infrastructure, in manufacturing and in agriculture. The highest economic growth rate was achieved during the 1960s. During the 1970s, however, the economic slumped. It made some progress during the 1980s but again declined in the 1990s. Fluctuations have been observed in all sectors of the economy.
Many reasons have been forwarded to explain the failure to achieve targets. , the consequent suspension of American aid, political disturbances within the country, frequent changes of government, the economic recession in Asia. However, many economists feel that these reasons do not adequately explain the poor economic state of country.

An Overview of Economy

Efforts have been made to boost Pakistan's economy since partition. Considerable progress was made between 1995 and 1970 when the government controlled only a few sectors of the economy. The rest of the economy was managed by private enterprise. In the 1970s, Nationalization became the favored policy of the government.
The major industries and banks were nationalized. As the results of this nationalization were far from satisfactory, further nationalization was put on hold from 1977-8 to 1990. The economy continued to function in much the same way, Although the economy was revived to a certain extent, no major breakthroughs were achieved.
Since the 1990s, the government has dropped the policy of nationalization in favor of privatization, deregulation and disinvestment. However, progress in this direction has been slow, there is a slump in the economy. the unemployment and inflation rates have reached unacceptable levels, and prices are rising. The country is passing through a period of severe economic hardship despite comprehensive economic planning and international assistance.

Lifestyle

Some specialists believe that lifestyle is a distinguished feature of villages and towns. According to them, close contact with other members of the community is a distinctive feature of rural life. The inhabitants of village, for example, usually know each other personally. In urban areas, on other hand, relationships tend to be impersonal, urban areas are so highly populated that most people do not even know who their neighbors are. This is the case in large urban centers like Karachi. However, even in places like Karachi, there are pockets in city where people who belong to the same community or village live. In such area, people know each other and have closer contact with their neighbors. In small towns, which are in reality overgrown villages, most people know one another as well. It is also argued that while village life is traditional, urban life is rational. This is not entirely the case in Pakistan.
Most of the urban population in Pakistan has a strong rural background. Although the use of urban facilities changes their way of living, it does not change their way of thinking much. In Pakistan, the lifestyles of the rich and poor differ far more than the lifestyles of city and villages dwellers. The objective application of lifestyle as a factor for distinguishing between villages and towns is therefore difficult.

Food and Nutrition

Food is a basic necessity of life. A balanced intake of carbohydrates, fats and proteins constitutes the ideal diet. The body also requires other essential vitamins and minerals which can be obtained from various food sources and salt. The energy provided by food is measured in units called calories. The calories required by each individual depend upon the individuals height, weight, age and gender. On average, however, the ideal Pakistani diet should provide 2550 calories per head. Since 1992-3, the food available in Pakistan has been sufficient for the food needs of the country through the heavy import of wheat, edible oils and milk products. In view of the rapid population increase and the decline of the economy, Pakistan has to seriously consider how it will feed its population in the future.
Unfortunately, the food available in the country is not equitably distributed. The poor in Pakistan do not eat a sufficient quantity of meat, eggs, milk products and fruits to maintain a balanced diet. Many suffer from malnutrition.

Health Services

Health services encompass a wide range of professionals and institutions, doctors, nurses, surgeons, dentists, hospitals, hospital beds, clinics.
As the table below indicates, there were 1950 physicians in Pakistan in 1950. By 2000, this figure had risen to 91823, decreasing the number of people per doctor dramatically, whereas there was one physician per 16949 people in 1950, there was one physician per 1529 people by 2000. Between the years 1990 and 1997, there was one physician per 10000 people in SriLanka, 5000 in Bangladesh, 2500 in India, 667 in the United Kingdom and 400 in the United States.
There has also been a corresponding improvement in nursing facilities. In 1950, there were only 656 nurses in the entire country, by 2000, there were 37623. From one nurse per 45455 people in 1950, the number decreased to one nurse per 3732 in 2000.
The number of hospitals and hospital beds have appreciably increased in Pakistan. Whereas there were only 304 government hospitals in 1950, by 2000 there were 876. In addition to these hospitals, there are private hospitals and special centers for maternity care, child health, tuberculosis, rural health, cancer and kidney problems.
The number of hospital beds in Pakistan has also increased from 14741 in 1950 to 93907 in 2000. As a result, the population per bed has decreased from 2295 in 1950 to 1495 in 2000. In comparison, there is one hospital bed per 3333 people in Bangladesh, 1250 in India, 370 in Srilanka, 244 in the United States and 213 in the United Kingdom.
In addition to facilities for the treatment of diseases, immunization programs for the prevention of polio, tetanus, tuberculosis, have also been launched. Although these achievements are laudable, Pakistan spends only about 0.7 percent of its GDP on health. In comparison, India also spends 0.7 percent of its GDP on health, Bangladesh 1.2, Srilanka 1.4, the United States6.6 and the United Kingdom 5.7.

When compared to other nations, Pakistan ranks low in the literacy although it has madesome progress in the last 50 years. Literacy has risen from 13.2 percent in 1951 to 45 percent in 1998, but this progress is far from satisfactory. Pakistan is counted among countries with very low literacy rates. Other South Asian countries like Sri Lanka, India and Bangladesh have higher literacy rates than Pakistan.
In Pakistan, there is also a noticeable disparity between the male and female, urban and rural, literacy rates. Out of the literate population 56.5 percent are male and 64.7 percent urban. That means that the highest literacy rate is enjoyed by the urban male 72.6 percent, and unfortunately. the lowest literacy rate is that of the rural female 20.8 percent.
There is also marked regional disparity in literacy in Pakistan. Punjab and Sindh have comparatively higher literacy rates 47.4 and 46.7 percent respectively. The NWFP comes next with 37.3 percent, then Balochistan with 26.6. Similar patterns are observable in the male, female, urban and rural literacy rates of each province. There is one notable exception the rural male and female literacy rates in the NWFP are higher than those of Sindh. From this analysis, it emerges that the Punjabi male has the highest literacy rate 73.4 percent and the Balochi female the lowest 8.8 percent. Islamabad, the capital, covering a small area but attracting a large literate population, does not fit into the pattern of the rest of the country.
In general, literacy in Pakistan decreases as the access to education and the level of the urbanization decrease. That is why the Western Highlands rank lower in literacy than the Indus Plains. There are many reasons for the low literacy rate in Pakistan. Unfortunately, the absence of a sincere effort, coupled with the embedded prejudice against education among some people, have militated against real progress in this field. Many primary schools, for example, exist only n paper. Many parents think that eduction is unimportant and that it spoils children, who could be more usefully employed in the field or in the factory. Such ideas are further supported by the landlords, who have a powerful hold on the peasants who work for them.

Labour Force Participation

The labor force in Pakistan is steadily increasing. From 9.8 million in1951 it rose to 37.7 million in 1998. However, the percentage of the total population in the labor force has not risen. It dropped from 30.7 percent in 1951 to 28.7 percent in 1998. This is much lower than in the 40 percent which is the world average. The fall in the labor force participation ratio in Pakistan means that for every person in the workforce, there are a greater number of dependents The percentage of men in the labor force is 86.5 and that of women 13.5. The share of the rural population in employment is 51.7 and that of the urban population 31.3 percent.
Sectoral Employment.
For a long time, the primary sector agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining has absorbed the majority of the labor force in Pakistan. Its percentage share is, however, on the decline. In fact, in 1997 it lost the leading position to tertiary or services sector. The bulk of the labor force in the primary sector is engaged in agriculture. The decrease in the phenomenon. The increased use of machinery in farming and the emergence of services like trade, transport, banking, insurance, advertising, communications, have been primarily responsible for this. About 4 percent of the labor force of the United States and 8 percent of the labor force in Japan is employed in the primary sector todya.
The share of manufacturing in Pakistani labor force increased from 11.6 percent in 1951 to 20.2 percent in 1961, Thereafter it started to decrease. In 1997, its share was 11.2 percent and all time low. The automation of the industrial sector and the increasingly competitive world market for manufactured goods have put a barrier on the entry of fresh labor into manufacturing sector in Pakistan. In comparison, the United States employes 18 percent of its labor force in manufacturing and Japan 24.
The tertiary sector is second to the primary sector in employment. Its share started to increase after 1961. In 1997 it became the leading employer when 44.7 percent of the labor force was engaged in tertiary activities. The emergence of the tertiary sector is a worldwide phenomenon and is much more pronounced in the developed nations. particularly after the 1960's. About 78 percent of the labor force in the United States works in the tertiary sector and in Japan 68. The reasons, however for the increase in the number of workers in the tertiary sector differ in the developed and developing world. Developed countries went through a gradual evolution over a number of years from primary, secondary to tertiary. Unfortunately in less developed countries like Pakistan the manufacturing sector has been overtaken by services, even before it has had a chance to grow In the developed world, business, finance, insurance, transport, telecommunications, health and education are important tertiary activities. In less developed countries, the share of finance, business, telecommunications, health and education is smaller, there are larger number of workers employed in personal services, like domestic help, hairdressing, shoe repair, peddling.

Water Pollution

In cities, sewage and industrial discharge are the main source of water pollution. In larger and more industrialized cities, the problem becomes acute. The common practice in Pakistan is to let factory waste products and fluids drain into rivers or canals. In Nowshera, for example, waste from factories, the sewage system and homes is discharged into the Kabul river. Waste from Rawalpindi is discharged into Leiah Nullah, from Lahore into the Ravi River, from Faisalabad into the Paharang and Mduhana Drains, and from karachi to into the Layari and Malir Creeks.
The coastal waters around karachi are highly polluted. Much of he wastes discharged into the creeks in and around Karachi eventually go into the sea, thus polluting the coastal waters around the city. The Layari, for example, drains into the manora Channel, which is enclosed on three sides, creating a toxic stretch of water that does not mix with the Arabian Sea. The ships that dock at Karachi Port also discharge oil and other waste into the sea.
The extent of pollution in the Layari is such the chloride content is 1 000 to 1300 ppm (parts per million), sulphate 850 to 1200 ppm and the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 2 000 ppm. An analysis of the coastal water at Karachi Port also reveals disturbingly high quantities of TDS, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. In addition to sewage, the main contributors to water pollution in this area are the 500 industries connected to the Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (SITE). As a result, the salt produced by the mauripur road and works is no longer fit for human consumption. The effects of this water pollution on the health of the residents of Layari and the workers at Karachi Port have yet to be determined. No assessment of the ill effects on the air by polluted water has been made although it must be considerable.
Other urban centers in Pakistan, particularly large cities and industrial areas, face similar problems on a smaller scale. The solution lies in the efficient and timely treatment of industrial waste and domestic sewage. It is a pity that ships treat the coastal waters of Pakistan as a dumping ground for refuse. They are not allowed to do this in the ports of developed nations.
Safe, clean drinking water is a basic necessity, yet only 53 percent of the population has access to safe drinking water in Pakistan. In rural areas. this percentage falls to 40, and in many regions drinking water is not available in sufficient quantities. At times, the water has to be transported to villages from great distances. Because Pakistan is largely and arid country, there are few streams. The rainwater that collects in ditches and small lakes, is used for drinking, washing clothes, bathing, In a short time, it becomes filthy and unfit for human use. However, some people have no option but to use this water. The use of contaminated water is one of the main causes of the diseases in rural areas.
About 79 percent of the urban population has access to safe drinking water in Pakistan. In the cities, the municiple corporations are generally responsible for the provision of water. In many cities, water is supplied to different parts of the city according to a fixed schedule. As a result, people only receive water at specified hours of the day. Urban centers in Pakistan are expanding rapidly with a resultant demand for more water. New sources of water like the Hab Dam near Karachi are being tapped to meet the increasing demand but only with partial success.
In Pakistan, water is generally treated with chlorine to make it safe for drinking. The ill effects of chlorine on the lungs is now well known. even more serious are the liver and intestinal diseases which are spread from contamination of drinking water from leaks in underground water pipes. This problem particularly affects residents of the older parts of Karachi or other large urban centers.

Air Pollution

There are two main sources of air pollution Vehicle and stationary pollutants. Automobiles, trucks, rikshaws, aricraft and other vehicles run by internal combustion engines are responsible for releasing harmful pollutions like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and lead into the atmosphere. Stationary sources of air pollution include industrial plants, power stations, construction projects and solid wastes. These sources release harmful pollutants like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates ( dust, ash, soot, metals and various chemicals ) into the atmosphere.
Air pollution is the subject of grave concern because it has a direct impact on human health. It can causes eye, nose and throat irritation, and lung infections, asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis and even cancer. In general, urban and industrial centers are reported to have a higher level of air pollution than rural areas, In Pakistan, this is particularly true of large cities which also serve as industrial centers, like karachi, Hyderabad, Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Rawllpindi, Peshawar, and Quetta.
Of these, Karachi has he largest number of industrial units and registered vehicles in Pakistan. The number of registered vehicles is rising annually at an alarming rate. The result, of course, is an increase in air pollution. The emissions level between 1969 and 1983 has increased by five times. M.A. Jinnah Road and Saddar are the most affected areas of the city, owing to traffic congestion, traffic signals and the tunnel effect produced by multistoreyed buildings. It is worth nothing that fast moving vehicles cause less pollution than slow moving ones. Air pollution is greater in the winter than in the summer because the higher wind velocity spreads vehicle emissions.
Surveys carried out in Karachi show that in area of heavy traffic, the air contains carbon dioxide, fumes and particulate matter beyond permissible levels. The leaves of trees along M.A.Jinnah Road are no longer green, and Quaid-e-Azam's Mausoleum and mereweather Tower have both been damaged by pollution.

Mineral and Energy Resources

Unfortunately, Pakistan is also deficient in mineral resources, especially in metallic minerals which are often located in inaccessible and thinly populated areas. The exploitation of minerals in these remote regions cannot be undertaken easily. Pakistan is not well equipped enough economically or technologically to take on such a task.
Pakistanis also at a disadvantage in the sphere of energy resources, even though per capita energy consumption is low at ten times less than the world average. Load shedding is a regular practice, reducing the productivity of industries, hindering tube well irrigation and inconveniencing the common consumer. About 45 percent of villages have yet to be electrified. Even in large cities, many households have no electricity, Although Pakistan has a number of energy sources, they have not been exploited to their full potential. Pakistan's petroleum resources are limited. In 1969-70. domestic production met 12 percent of the local demand, in 1989-90 percent, and in 1997-8, 17 percent.
Gas requirements are met largely through domestic sources, especially after the discovery of new gas fields clearly demonstrates that oil and gas exploration in Pakistan has not been done as thoroughly as it should have been. The main handicaps are shortage of trained personnel, financial resources and technology. The installed capacity of hydroelectricity in Pakistan is 4.825 megawatts. However, this wonderful resources has not been fully exploited because of faulty planning and financial constraints.
Unfortunately, the coal produced in Pakistan is coal mined in grade and has poor heat qualities. The bulk of the coal mined in Pakistan is used in brick kilns. Even in this area, there is much scope for further exploration in 1992, the large Thar Coalfield was discovered.

Population Growth and Resources

Pakistan has a very large population but its resources, including technology, are modest. The existing resources have not been developed to their full potential. By and large, the living standards are low. and Pakistan is still counted among the developing nations.
Pakistan's population is growing at an alarming rate. It double in the 50 years between 1901 and 1951, doubled again in the 21 years between 1951 and 1972, and again in the 26 years between 1972 and 1998. In 1998, the population was 132.4 million. This massive population has to be fed, housed and clothed with a limited number of resources.

Food Resources:
With the growth in population, the per capita share in land is decreasing, Although the total cultivated land area has increased by about 80 percent from 1951 to 1998. the per capita cultivated land area has decreased from 4.856 square meters to 4.452 square meters. It is from this small area of land that enough food and cash crops have to be grown to sustain the country's entire population.
At partition,Pakistan was self sufficient in wheat, the staple food. In 1952-3, however, a deficiency in wheat was registered for the first time, setting a trend for subsequent years. Wheat still has to be imported in large quantities to feed the growing population. Pakistan also has to import large quantities of edible oils and pulses. This is a matter of grave concern to Pakistan because its economy is based on agriculture.

Environmental Challenges

The Earth is our home. It provides us with sustenance and the tools of survival. Early human live on wild fruits and the raw meat of birds and animals, quenching their thirst from the first brook or stream they came across. Their live were not much different from the other animals. Today, human beings are involved in large-scale farming and the domestication of animals, building factories and flying aeroplanes. They are even conquering space and unravelling the secrets of nuclear energy. Human achievement is the result of high technical competence gained from exploring and exploiting the physical environment.
However, human progress has its pitfalls. In our zest to make use of natural resources, we have polluted both water and air, causing smog and acid rain, and the depletion of the earth's protective covering, the ozone layer. We still have not been able to safely dispose of nuclear waste nor prevent large-scale nuclear leaks. In recent years, the huge rise in population has led to fears that we will run out the natural resources essential for human survival.
Unfortunately, not all countries have an equal share in natural resources and technology. Pakistan has modest resources and limited access to technology. Technology alone does not guarantee the efficient exploitation of natural resources. Equally important are political stability and peace, social justice and harmony, well defined economic goals and a willingness to work. Well defined economic goals do not exist with frequent changes in government policy regarding privatization and nationalization. It is in this context that the human environment relationship in Pakistan should be examined.
Although Pakistan is fairly rich in natural resources. Its physiography is fraught with challenges. The flat Indus Plains are excellent for agriculture but the lofty mountains in the north are unfit for cultivation of any kind. In terms of temperature, most parts of the country enjoy a year long growing season but arid conditions affect agricultural outputs. Large tracts of land are covered with rich alluvial soil but it is often deficient in organic matter. Plant cover in Pakistan is scarce, leaving the soil open to wind and water erosion. Where there are forests, they are often inaccessible.
Efforts are being made to face the pressing environmental challenges. Sometimes, in an effort to solve these problems, new problems have arisen. Canal irrigation, which was developed to combat the problem of aridity, has created waterlogging and salinity in large tracts of cultivated land. Insecticides and pesticides sprayed on crops have, at times, contaminated the soil. Smoke emitted from factory chimneys, automobiles and other vehicles has polluted the air in industrial areas and large cities. Industrial refuse, particularly the chemicals, drained from factories into rivers and coastal water, has contaminated the water in karachi and other industrial centres.
The environmental problems in Pakistan can be said to originated from three sources.

Tropical Cyclones

A tropical cyclone is a severe storm which takes place largely in South Asia, South-East Asia, Northern Australia, South America and the south-eastern part of North America. In South Asia, it is referred to as the cyclone, in South-East Asia as the typhoon, in Australia as the willy-willy, and in America as the hurricane.
Although cyclones generally reach speeds of 160 to 240 kilometers per hours, some of them have attained even higher speeds. The power of the cyclone is derived from the latent of evaporation (the heat released after water vapor is changed into water droplets). A single storm has so much stored energy that, if harnessed, it is powerful enough to supply Pakistan with electricity for several years to come. The cyclone usually originates over the sea, thus harnessing the energy stored in the water vapor which rises from the sea. It takes several days to mature. During that time, it whirls round and round without any forward movement. Once it is fully developed, it moves forward, first moving north-westward and then taking a north-easterly turn. Many cyclones die before reaching the coast. If they attack the coast, they cause heavy damage to life and property, particularly because of the large waves they generate.
Much more damaging is the cyclone surge is a moving wall of water about 3 to 8 meters high underneath the eye of the cyclone. The eye of the cyclone has a radius of 15 to 50 kilometers. Here, air pressure is at its lowest, calm prevails and there are no clouds. Outside the eye of the cyclone, the cyclone rages in its full fury. This is the main storm. The outer edge of the cyclone is called the eye wall where the wind speed is the highest and rainfall the heaviest. At the periphery of the storm, the wind speed slows down.

As we sow so we cut

Once upon a time there lived a jackal and a lion in a jungle. The lion used to eat one animal of the jungle daily. All the animals were very annoyed with the order of the king of the Jungle, but they were unable to do anything against the lion.
One day the Jackal was to present itself before the lion. The lion was anxiously waiting for its prey but the jackal did not go to the lion. The lion was very angry and was roaring in the Jungle. Suddenly the jackal appeared. It was looking very tired and full of fear. The lion asked angrily about so much delay in reaching there. The jackal Replied !

A Friend in need is a Friend Indeed

It is seen in daily life that one, who has some high port folio or wealth, is respected and loved by all, but when he is suffered from any problem or need any help from friends or relatives, almost he is not helped by any one and all the friends and relatives leave him alone.
Once upon a time two friends Hamid and Kashif lived in a town They both were very fast friends and they could not live without one another. All the men praise their friendship and give their example, Thus they were passing very happy life. One day Hamid felled seriously ill, due to serious traffic accident. He was unable to perform duty. Thus he was compelled to lay on stick bed for two months. All the saved money was spent in medicines and family maintenance. Now he was not in position to support his family members and purchase medicine. So he called his friend kashif and told the fact. he requested him for some help, but Kashif refused saying that he was himself suffered from many domestic problems and he had no money even to support his family members. Hamid was shocked to hear his reply. When one of his neighbors heard the problem of Hamid, he at once came to him and gave him money.
After two weeks Hamid was cured and started performing his duty. He returned the money to his neighbor with thanks and he never met with his so called friend Kashif.

Slow but Steady win the Race

Tortoise is famous for slow walking and rabbit for fast running. Once a competition of race between the two was held. They both started running to reach the finishing point. The rabbit ran as fast as possible, But the tortoise was unable to run so fast. So it continued walking towards the finishing point. In the meantime the rabbit reached far ahead of the tortoise, so it stopped beneath a tree and saw behind but there was no any trace of the tortoise. The rabbit was very happy and decided to take some rest in the shade of the tree. When it laid there, it at once slept. After few minutes the tortoise reached there, it saw the rabbit lying sound sleep. So the tortoise silently walked ahead and after some time reached the finishing point.
In the mean time when the rabbit awoke from fast asleep, it was behind but still there was no trace of the tortoise, so it easily walked towards the finishing point. When the rabbit reached there, it was that the tortoise had already reached there, so it became very ashamed.

Greed is Curse

It is said that greed for gold mars the joy of life. A greedy person never gets satisfaction in any sphere of life. He always tries to get more and more. A story on this topics is given below.
There was an old women who had a hen. The hen started laying golden eggs daily. The old woman was very glad to see the eggs and thought that she would be the richest person very soon. But she thought that it would take a long time if the hen lays an egg daily. So she started feeding the hen more and more food.
After sometimes the hen became very fatty and due to fatness it stopped laying egg. The old woman became very anxious to know that due to her greediness, the hen became unable to lay eggs, but it was useless to mourn over her covet.

Time is Money

It is said that time waits for none and those who feel the importance of time they never waste it unutilized. If one neglects the importance of time, he always remains loser and the wealth of time is lost forever.
Such a story regarding importance of time is said that once there was a rich man who had two sons. He loved both of them and gave every kind of facility for passing of luxurious life and insisted both of them to get higher education. But the elder son was very irresponsible and never thought about his future and lost his time in luxury. Whereas, his younger son was very responsible and talented. He used to pass his time in study and gaining fruitful knowledge.
After the death of their father both the sons divided the wealth of their father. But the elder son, soon destroyed the wealth in luxury, whereas the younger son served his wealth and expensed in getting higher education and fruitful business.
As a result, the elder son became very poor and he had neither education nor wealth, because of he had lost his precious time and wealth. Now he had nothing to do except sorrow and grief. In the other hand, the younger son was passing very joyful life. The far difference between the two brothers was due to time factor. One lost his time and the other knew the importance of time and utilized it in his own benefit. So, it is correct saying that time is wealth.

A Little Knowledge is a Dangerous thing

It is said that excess of everything is bad, and it also correct that paucity in any thing is much bad and dangerous. A doctor, a physician, a philosopher, an advocate, a teacher, a scientist, need perfect knowledge in his job. If a doctor has no perfect knowledge of diagnosing treatment for a patient, it is sure that the disease will be complicated and danger of life cannot be overlooked. In the same way, if a teacher has no perfect knowledge of teaching and lack of qualification, the whole nation will sink in the darkness of Illiteracy and downfall.
Every kind of knowledge is beneficial if it is correctly closed. So one should take special care in acquiring perfect and complete knowledge whether they are technical, theoretical or practical. Without it one cannot be a perfect man for his job. In present days it is seen that many jobs and posts are filled by such unqualified persons who are totally ignored of the A.B.C of the job. The main reason of suffering a nation from countless problems, is that they overlook the qualification and efficiency.
A story on the same subject is very instructive. An expert Hakim opened a " Matab " and engaged an " Attar ". Whenever a patient came for treatment, the Attar used to observe. He was very cunning and wanted to know whatever the Hakem knows, But that was not so simple lesson. one day a camel was brought before the Hakim. The camel had eaten a big melon which struck in his throat. The Hakim ordered to lay the camel on surface. He kept a brick below the neck where the melon was visible and broke it with a hurt on the melon. Thus the camel ate the broken melon and became alright. The Attar was very minutely observing all this. After that he left the service and opened his own "Matab". . Once a patient, having a big gland in his neck, was brought before him. He was very glad to see the disease of the patient and assured him that he would be cured within few minutes. He followed the policy of the Hakim which he had one with the camel. When he bate with a big stone on his gland neck, the gland burst and the patient died on the spot.
So, it is said about the less educated people that he is like that small frog who lives in a small pond but thinks he is living in a big ocean.

All the Glitters is not Gold

Gold is a precious metal. It has its own quality and worth. No other metal can be compared with it. It has a quality that it does not rust. It need not polish to glitter, because of it is the quality of gold that it glitters without polishing. Gold is not found in abundant hence, due to its quality and scarcity, it is a precious metal.
When gold is compared with other metals, it is found that gold has more and more superiority. There is no such glitterness in other metals as gold. Hence, gold is popular and famous for its glitterness. If any other metal is polished in golden color and glistened like Gold, the polished metals glittering will fade within few days but gold glitters like before.
The proverb is said on the quality of gold which glitters, whereas the other metals which are artificially glittered, can not be said that is gold. In the same way the proverb lies on human being. In the present days, we see such persons in our society who glitter like the artificial glittering metal and they try to impress others with their outer polish, whereas they have no such quality of worth. It is commonly known and admitted that showy things are worthless. It has only artificial attraction and show but there is no quality of superiority.
Now a days the world is full of cheat. A showy person tries to cheat others with his out look. Such person present himself, in the society, as a man of high regard and respect. In the society of qualified persons, such self made qualified tries to pace with them and make them understand that he is also the man of higher qualification. Such activities of polished glitterness is common now a days and those persons who are gold indeed, feel themselves faded among the self made gold. but it is also a fact that the thing of precious quality cannot be faded. Its quality is granted forever, but the wolf in sheep's clothing shall fade one day and there will be no room of respect and regard for such person, because of all that glitters is not gold.

A Stitch Intime save Nine

The proverb " A stitch in time saves nine," reminds us to discharge our duties in time. If we miss the proper time suitable for a work, we shall never get the time back and we shall be looser for ever. It is said that time and tide waits for none. So we should always remember the importance of time and its negative result by overlooking it.
As a young, it is his duty to reserve himself for study and should not waste time in unnecessary and time killing works. If they wasted their time of study , they will never be successful in acquiring higher education and failure will be their fate. If a patient neglects the treatment of the disease, ultimately the disease will grow and after loosing the perfect time of treatment, the patient will certainly tell into unsolvable problem.
Being a Muslim, it is our first and foremost duty to obey the orders of God, If we pray Him at the fix time, if we observe " Fast " in the moth of Fasting. if we pass our lives according to His orders, we will get the reward of " Heaven, but if we lost the time and neglected the order of God, we will go to the Hell. After loosing the time nothing could be done except punishment and sorrow.
The history of the world proves that so many great men, such as Emperors, Leaders, Doctors, Politicians, Philosophers and scientists, born and became successful and familiar n their jobs and the success was only due to utilizing the proper time of work. No any such familiar person got so much honor by laziness, wasting their proper time and indulging themselves in luxuries.
So, it is a fact that the success and honor of human being is connected with time and work. No any work before or after proper time can be effective. Ever work and duty has its proper and shorter period of doing it, and we should not neglect the time, if we want success and honor in every sphere of life.

A Thing Beauty is a joy for ever

The word beauty is a holy word, because of the whole beauties of the universe are the reflection of the Almighty. God says in the Holy Book. Allah is beautiful and likes beauty. So the beauties of the universe are a boon for human being and, being a creature of Allah they love beauties and always see them even through their inner eyes.
The word "Beauty" is interconnected with the word Joy. A beautiful thing has so much attraction that it invites the viewer to gaze at it and fill the heart and mind with joy. An English poet keats says in his poem. A thing of beauty is a joy forever. The saying of the poet is true and it is a natural call of human being that when he sees any thing or scene of beauty, he looks at the thing of beauty without twinkle of eyes. The impression of the beautiful thing is so everlasting that even the scene is out of sight, it always remains present in the mind. As willion words worth expresses his impression in his poem, The Daffodils, that whenever he was in pensive mood and laid on his cough, he used to see the daffodils flattering and dancing before his inner eyes. At that time he used to forget all the anxieties.
The world is full of beauty, the sky, the stars, the sun, the moon, the green trees, the flowers, the sea, the river, the breeze, every where beauty is present. Nobody can remain unrelated with them. Though every one is suffering from grieve and sorrow, if forgets all the anxieties and signs deeply in the lusture of beauty. Beauty is a reward from the Almighty. It is a thing which makes human being happy and it bestows them joy forever. It sweeps all the anxieties and sorrow from their mind and they feel freshness in their mind and soul. They read the lesson of love, happiness and joyous life. They praise the beauties of the creator and thus they become bearer to God, who is the originator of beauty and who Himself is the collection of all the visible and unvisible beauties of the universe.